Modeling Root-Knot Nematode Regulation by the Biocontrol Fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia.

Two models of increasing complexity were constructed to simulate the interactions between the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita and the biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata in a rhizosphere microcosm. The models described discrete population dynamics at hourly rates over a 6-month period and were validated using real parasitism and nematode or fungus data. A first, general Pochonia-nematode-root model (GPNR) used five functions and 16 biological constants. The variables and constants describing the RKN life cycle included the rates of egg production, hatching, juvenile (J2), and mature female development, including root or nematode self-density-dependent factors. Other constants accounted for egg parasitism, nematode-induced root losses, growth, and mortalities. The relationship between nematodes and fungal propagules showed density dependence and cyclic variations in time, including an attractor on the propagules and J2 phases space. The simulations confirmed a P. chlamydosporia optimal initial density of 5 · 103 propagules · cc soil-1, as usually applied in assays. The constants used in GPNR showed adherence to the nematode biology, with 103 eggs per egg mass, a 10-day average lifespan of J2, with 2 days required to enter roots, and adult lifespan lasting 24 days. The fungus propagule lifespan was 25 days, with an average feeder root lifespan lasting around 52 days. A second, more complex Pochonia-nematode-root detailed model (GPNRd) was then constructed using eight functions and 23 constants. It was built as GPNR did not allow the evaluation of host prevalence. GPNRd allowed simulations of all RKN life stages and included non-parasitic and parasitic fungus population fractions. Both GPNR and GPNRd matched real J2 and fungus density data observed in a RKN biocontrol assay. Depending on the starting conditions, simulations showed stability in time, interpreted as effective host regulation. GPNRd showed a fungus cyclic relationship with the J2 numbers, with prevalence data close to those observed (38.3 vs. 39.4%, respectively). This model also showed a further density-independent nematode regulation mechanism based on the P. chlamydosporia switch from a non-parasitic to a parasitic trophic behavior. This mechanism supported the biocontrol of M. incognita, also sustained by a concomitant increase of the root density.

Osteocalcin Serum Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Their Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) increases insulin release and insulin resistance in mice. In humans, evidence is scarce but a correlation of ucOC and total osteocalcin (tOC) with glycemic status markers has been demonstrated. The relationship of ucOC and tOC with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been even less characterized. OBJECTIVE: To assess the mean difference of tOC and ucOC serum concentrations among nondiabetic pregnant women and women diagnosed as GDM in the second trimester of pregnancy and to determine the possible intrinsic and extrinsic contributors to this difference. METHODS: A systematic search was performed to identify relevant studies published in English and Spanish using PubMed, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Knowledge, and PROSPERO database for meta-analysis. Observational studies measuring mean serum levels of osteocalcin among GDM, with at least 10 subjects analyzed in each group were selected. Mean difference (MD) by random effects model was used. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochran's Q, H, and I 2 statistics. RESULTS: From 38 selected studies, 5 were retained for analysis for a total of 1119 pregnant women. Serum concentrations of tOC were not significantly different among women with GDM and nondiabetic pregnant controls (MD: 1.56; 95% CI: -0.70 to 3.82; p = 0.175). Meanwhile, ucOC serum levels were significantly higher among women with GDM (MD: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.24 to 2.11; p = 0.013). The only factor influencing tOC was the UV index, showing a reduction in mean difference between GDM and controls when exposed to higher concentrations of UV rays. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides evidence to support the use of ucOC as a potential marker for GDM rather than tOC, yielding very little variability among studies and no difference among methods or brands used for its analysis.

Utilidad y eficacia de la clasificación de Robson para disminuir la tasa de cesáreas / Utility and efficacy of Robson's classification to reduce the rate of cesareas

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y utilidad de la clasificación de Robson en la reducción de la práctica de cesáreas. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte transversal efectuado en pacientes de nivel socioeconómico medio y bajo atendidas entre enero y diciembre de 2016 en un hospital de segundo nivel. Para clasificar a las pacientes, según sus características obstétricas, se aplicó el modelo de Robson. Resultados: Se estudiaron 374 pacientes embarazadas; de ellas 91 (24.3%) terminaron la gestación mediante cesárea. Los grupos de Robson con mayor contribución al porcentaje de cesáreas fueron: grupo 1 con 50.5%, grupo 2 con 29.8% y grupo 10 con 8.7%. El grupo 5 reportó que 62.7% de los embarazos terminaron mediante parto. El 89.8% de las pacientes ingresó con trabajo de parto espontáneo. Las principales indicaciones de cesárea fueron, en el grupo 1, trabajo de parto estacionario; en el grupo 2, cesárea iterativa y en el grupo 10, feto pretérmino. Conclusiones: La aplicación del modelo de clasificación de Robson es útil y práctica para identificar los grupos de pacientes en los que es posible disminuir el porcentaje de cesáreas.

Abstract Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of the Robson classification to reduce the practice of cesarean sections. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective and cross section was made in patients of medium and low socioeconomic status attended between January and December 2016 in a second level hospital. For classify the patients, according to their obstetric characteristics, the model of Robson was applied. Results: 374 pregnant patients were studied; in 91 (24.3%) the pregnancy ended by caesarean section. The Robson groups with the greatest percentage contribution of caesarean sections were: group 1 with 50.5%, group 2 with 29.8% and group 10 with 8.7%. Group 5 reported that 62.7% of pregnancies ended by delivery; 89.8% of the patients was admitted with spontaneous labor. The main Cesarean indications were, in group 1, stationary labor; at group 2, iterative caesarean section and group 10, preterm fetus. Conclusions: The application of the Robson classification model is useful and practice to identify groups of patients in who it is possible to decrease the percentage of cesareans.

[Relation of red cell distribution width and mean platelet volume with the severity of preeclampsia]. / Severidad de la preeclampsia y su relacion con volumen plaquetario y ancho de distribucion eritrocitaria.

BACKGROUND: It has been established a strong association between the red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) with hypertension in non-pregnant patients. However, few studies have been performed in patients with preeclampsia, yielding inconsistent results. Our aim is to evaluate the relationship between RDW and MPV with the severity of preeclampsia. METHODS: Analytic cross-sectional study. We include 64 patients with preeclampsia (26 mild, 38 severe) and 70 patients with normotensive pregnancy. Clinical data, sociodemographic characteristics and laboratory measures, including RDW and MPV, were recorded for each patient. RESULTS: Hemoglobin and platelet count measures were similar between groups. Preeclamptic patients had levels of RDW (14.7 ± 1.4 vs. 13.4 ± 0.7, p = 0.0001) and MPV (11.8 ± 2.4 vs. 11.0 ± 1.4, p = 0.03) more elevated than control group. Moreover, severe preeclamptic subgroup had more elevated levels of RDW (15.0 ± 1.6 vs. 14.0 ± 0.6, p = 0.001) and MPV (12.7 ± 2.8 vs. 10.8 ± 1.8, p = 0.01) in comparison with mild preeclamptic patients. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that RDW and MPV are accessible and inexpensive measures associated with the severity of preeclampsia.

Introducción: se ha establecido fuertemente la asociación entre el ancho de distribución eritrocitario (ADE) y el volumen plaquetario medio (VPM) con la hipertensión arterial sistémica. Sin embargo, se han realizado pocos estudios en pacientes con preeclampsia, obteniéndose resultados inconsistentes. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar la relación entre el ADE y el VPM con la severidad de la preeclampsia. Métodos: incluimos 64 pacientes con preeclampsia (26 leve, 38 severa) y 70 pacientes con embarazo normotenso. Los datos clínicos, características sociodemográficas y valores de laboratorio, incluyendo ADE y VPM, fueron registrados en cada paciente. Resultados: las medidas de hemoglobina y conteo plaquetario fueron similares entre ambos grupos. Las pacientes con preeclampsia tuvieron niveles de ADE (14.7 ± 1.4 frente a 13.4 ± 0.7, p = 0.0001) y VPM (11.8 ± 2.4 frente a 11.0 ± 1.4, p = 0.03) más elevados que el grupo control. El subgrupo de preeclampsia severa tuvo niveles más elevados de ADE (15.0 ± 1.6 frente a 14.0 ± 0.6, p = 0.001) y VPM (12.7 ± 2.8 frente a 10.8 ± 1.8, p = 0.01) que las pacientes con preeclampsia leve. Conclusiones: se demuestra que el ADE y el VPM son medidas accesibles asociadas a la severidad de la preeclampsia.

Efectos de plaguicidas y bioestimulantes vegetales sobre la germinación de clamidosporas y el desarrollo in vitro del hongo nematófago Pochonia chlamydosporia / Effects of pesticides and plant bio-stimulants on the germination of chlamydospores and in vitro development of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia

Antecedentes. Se desconocen los efectos que sobre el hongo Pochonia chlamydosporia pueden causar los plaguicidas y bioestimulantes vegetales que son usados en sistemas protegidos de producción de hortalizas. Objetivos. La efectividad de P. chlamydosporia frente a Meloidogyne spp. podría verse afectada por productos usados en sistemas protegidos de producción de hortalizas. Con el fin de evaluar cualquier potencial efecto sobre el hongo, se realizaron dos ensayos in vitro.Métodos. El efecto en la germinación de clamidosporas se evaluó en un primer ensayo, y el crecimiento micelial y la producción de clamidosporas en un segundo. Con estos resultados se determinó la compatibilidad de cada producto con el hongo. Resultados. La germinación de clamidosporas fue superior al 50% con los tratamientos control, FitoMas E, Biobras-16 y Amidor; se registraron valores menores con otros productos y algunos incluso la inhibieron completamente. El crecimiento fúngico se potenció con Biobras-16 al 106,23%, lo promovieron entre un 50-100% el control, FitoMas E y Cuproflow, y el resto de productos generó un crecimiento inferior al 50%. La producción de clamidosporas se estimuló con Cipermetrina, Benomilo, Zineb, Mitigan, Karate, FitoMas E y Amidor; con Cuproflow fue menor al 50%, y el resto la inhibió totalmente. De los productos evaluados, el 54% fueron compatibles con P. chlamydosporia, el 8% resultaron tóxicos, y el 38%, muy tóxicos. Conclusiones. Fueron compatibles con P. chlamydosporia Cipermetrina, Karate, Amidor, Benomilo, Zineb, Mitigan y FitoMas E. De ser necesaria la utilización del resto de los productos para el manejo integrado de plagas en sistemas protegidos de producción de hortalizas, se recomienda evitar el contacto directo con P. chlamydosporia (AU)

Background. The effects of pesticides and plant bio-stimulants used in protected vegetable production systems on the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia are unknown. Aims. The effectiveness of P. chlamydosporia against Meloidogyne spp. could be affected by products used in protected vegetable production systems. Two in vitro assays were carried out to evaluate any potential effect that pesticides and bio-stimulants often used in these systems could have on the fungus. Methods. The effect on chlamydospore germination was evaluated in a first assay, and mycelia growth and sporulation in a second. With these results, the compatibility of each product with the fungus was determined. Results. Chlamydospores germination was over 50% with the control, FitoMas E, Biobras-16 and Amidor. Lower results were observed with other products, with some of them even inhibiting germination completely. Fungal growth was potentiated by Biobras-16 to 106.23%, promoted up to 50-100% by the control, FitoMas E and Cuproflow, and was below 50% with the rest of the products.Cipermetrina, Benomilo, Zineb, Mitigan, Karate, FitoMas E and Amidor promoted fungal sporulation, which was below 50% with Cuproflow and completely inhibited by the other products. Fifty-four percent of the products evaluated were compatible with P. chlamydosporia, while 8% were toxic and 38%, very toxic. Conclusions. Cipermetrina, Karate, Amidor, Benomilo, Zineb, Mitigan and FitoMas E were compatible with P. chlamydosporia. If it is necessary to use any of the other products for integrated pest management in protected vegetable production systems, it is recommended to avoid direct contact with P. chlamydosporia (AU)

[Effects of pesticides and plant bio-stimulants on the germination of chlamydospores and in vitro development of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia]. / Efectos de plaguicidas y bioestimulantes vegetales sobre la germinación de clamidosporas y el desarrollo in vitro del hongo nematófago Pochonia chlamydosporia.

BACKGROUND: The effects of pesticides and plant bio-stimulants used in protected vegetable production systems on the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia are unknown. AIMS: The effectiveness of P. chlamydosporia against Meloidogyne spp. could be affected by products used in protected vegetable production systems. Two in vitro assays were carried out to evaluate any potential effect that pesticides and bio-stimulants often used in these systems could have on the fungus. METHODS: The effect on chlamydospore germination was evaluated in a first assay, and mycelia growth and sporulation in a second. With these results, the compatibility of each product with the fungus was determined. RESULTS: Chlamydospores germination was over 50% with the control, FitoMas E, Biobras-16 and Amidor. Lower results were observed with other products, with some of them even inhibiting germination completely. Fungal growth was potentiated by Biobras-16 to 106.23%, promoted up to 50-100% by the control, FitoMas E and Cuproflow, and was below 50% with the rest of the products.Cipermetrina, Benomilo, Zineb, Mitigan, Karate, FitoMas E and Amidor promoted fungal sporulation, which was below 50% with Cuproflow and completely inhibited by the other products. Fifty-four percent of the products evaluated were compatible with P. chlamydosporia, while 8% were toxic and 38%, very toxic. CONCLUSIONS: Cipermetrina, Karate, Amidor, Benomilo, Zineb, Mitigan and FitoMas E were compatible with P. chlamydosporia. If it is necessary to use any of the other products for integrated pest management in protected vegetable production systems, it is recommended to avoid direct contact with P. chlamydosporia.

Pochonia chlamydosporia: Advances and Challenges to Improve Its Performance as a Biological Control Agent of Sedentary Endo-parasitic Nematodes.

The nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia is one of the most studied biological control agents against plant (semi-) endo-parasitic nematodes of the genera Globodera, Heterodera, Meloidogyne, Nacobbus and, more recently, Rotylenchulus. In this paper we present highlights from more than three decades of worldwide research on this biological control agent. We cover different aspects and key components of the complex plant-fungus-nematode tri-trophic interaction, an interaction that needs to be addressed to ensure the efficient use of P. chlamydosporia as a biopesticide as part of an integrated pest management approach.

Cifoplastia percutanea con balón en fracturas por compresión de etiología no traumática en columna torácica y lumbar / Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty in non-traumatic lumbar and thoracic spinal compression fractures

Purpose: To describe our experience with percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty for the treatment of non-traumatic vertebral compression fractures. Material and Methods: Between march 2007 and June 2008, 25 vertebrae interventions were performed in 10 patients. Ten cases corresponded to osteoporotic fractures, while fifteen of them revealed a tumoral etiology. Vertebral compromise was evaluated via CT scan or MRI, as appropriate. We applied a percutaneous technique. Balloons were inserted into the vertebral body, and then inflated to create a cavity to be filled with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), which reduces and stabilizes the fracture, thus reducing pain. Results: The technique was performed successfully in al I cases. Pain intensity assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before and after the procedure showed a variation ranging from 4 to 7 levels per patient. The mean inicial VAS score was 7, whereas average final VAS was 1.2. The decrease in pain levels averaged 5.8 per intervention. Complications occurred in 7 levels: 3 cases of thoracic extravasations and 4 cases in lumbar spine. All of them were asymptomatic. No severe complications were reposed. Conclusions: Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty offers a good alternative treatment to conservative pain management in vertebral compression fractures.

Propósito: Describir nuestra experiencia en cifoplastía percutanea con balón en fracturas vertebrales debidas a compresión no traumática. Material y Métodos: Se intervinieron 25 vértebras en 10 pacientes, 15 lumbares y 10 torácicas, entre marzo 2007 y junio 2008. La etiología de las fracturas fue osteoporótica en 10 casos y tumoral en 15. Se evaluó el compromiso vertebral mediante tomografía computada o resonancia magnética, según el caso. La técnica fue percutanea; se insertaron balones en el cuerpo vertebral, que se inflaron, creando así una cavidad que se relleno inyectando polimetilme-tacrilato (PMMA), que redujo y estabilizó la fractura, disminuyendo así el dolor. Resultados: La técnica fue realizada satisfactoriamente en todos los casos. La intensidad del dolor medida según la Escala Visual Análoga (EVA), antes y después del procedimiento, varió entre 4 y 7 niveles por paciente. El EVA de ingreso promedio fue de 7, y el de egreso de 1.2. La disminución del dolor fue en promedio 5.8 niveles por intervención. Hubo complicaciones en 7 niveles: 3 casos de extravasación torácica y 4 en columna lumbar, todas asintomáticas. No hubo complicaciones severas. Conclusiones: La cifoplastía con balón es una buena alternativa analgésica al manejo conservador en fracturas vertebrales por compresión.

Approaches for monitoring the release of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata, a biocontrol agent of root-knot nematodes.

Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata is a potential biocontrol agent against root-knot nematodes. Diagnosis of isolates has relied on morphological identification, and is both time-consuming and difficult. beta-tubulin primers have been developed for the identification of this fungus that were specific enough to distinguish between varieties of the fungus within the same species. Separate primers have been developed for the specific detection of P. chlamydosporia var. catenulata based on ITS sequences, which were able to detect the fungus in soil from various sites in Cuba where the biocontrol agent had been added. When the PCR diagnosis was combined with serial dilution of soil samples on selective medium, colonies were rapidly identified. The fungus was still present, albeit at low densities, in soils inoculated five years previously. The development of a baiting method allowed quick in situ screening of the isolates' ability to infect nematode eggs, and when combined with PCR diagnosis both varieties of the fungus could be detected in infected eggs. RFLP analysis of ITS sequences from P. chlamydosporia provided an extra level of discrimination between isolates.

Development of a new management strategy for the control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp) in organic vegetable production.

The nematophagous fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia (Goddard) Zare & Gams, has been investigated as a potential biological control agent for use in integrated pest management strategies for Meloidogyne incognita (Kof & White) Chitwood in vegetable crops. The release of the fungus as a biological control agent requires a diagnostic method to monitor its spread in the environment and to gain knowledge of its ecology. Only molecular methods are sufficiently discriminating to enable the detection of specific isolates of fungi in soil. A method to extract DNA from soil was developed to increase the efficacy of PCR-based diagnostic tests that use specific primers. A selected isolate of P chlamydosporia var catenulata was applied at densities similar to those that occur naturally in nematode-suppressive soils. The fungus significantly reduced nematode infestations in soil following a tomato crop, in a strategy that combined the use of the fungus with crop rotation. The survival of the fungus in soil was also examined in controlled conditions in which it remained in soil in densities significantly greater than its original application rate for at least 5 months. Hence, it seems that populations of this fungus may be built up in soil and have significant effects on the regulation of root-knot nematode populations.

Neurobiología del trastorno afectivo recurrente / Neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder

El Trastorno Afectivo Recurrente tiende a presentar, característicamente, intervalos asintomáticos sucesivamente más breves, a independizarse de estresores psicosociales y a adoptar un patrón individual de ciclicidad, con variaciones en el mismo sujeto y con respecto a otros. Estos fenómenos pueden comprenderse desde la perspectiva de vulnerabilidades experienciales, la comorbilidad con abuso de sustancias y la recurrencia de los episodios mismos, que interactuando con la vulnerabilidad genética, el grado de apoyo social y la intervención farmacológica, inducirian cambios en el balance de la expresión genética inmediata temprana y a largo plazo, relativa a la modulación del afecto y la conducta. Como ocurre esta interacción? La plasticidad neural parece crucial para el desarrollo de este tipo de aprendizaje, donde genes inmediatos tempranos como c-Fos y c-Jun, juegan un rol esencial. En este trabajo se revisan algunos aspectos básicos acerca del kindling electrofisiológico, la sensibilidad conductual, elementos generales sobre transcripción y regulación genética, además de trabajos de Robert Post sobre el tema. Considerar el Trastorno Afectivo Recurrente desde esta perspectiva podría tener importantes implicancias para la práctica clínica

Perspectivas de la terapia génica en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Perspectives of the genic therapy in the Parkinson's disease

En la enfermedad de Parkinson idiopática, así como en algunos otros parkinsonismos, la actual estrategia terapéutica sigue basándose en el uso de fármacos y otros procedimientos destinados a "normalizar" la neurotransmisión dopaminérgica central. Cuando un enfermo parkinsoniano debuta con su sintomatología clínica, ya ha perdido aproximadamente un 80 por ciento de las neuronas dopaminérgicas nigrales, lo cual se manifiesta en una reducción de aproximadamente dos órdenes de magnitud de las concentraciones estriatales de dopamina

Liberación estriatal de un análogo de aminoácidos excitatorios en un modelo experimental de hipoxia cerebral in vitro / Striatal release of a tritiated analog of excitatory amino acid in a in vitro experimental model of brain hypoxia

Este trabajo presenta la metodología experimental de un modelo de hipoxia cerebral in vitro. El modelo fue empleado para evaluar la liberación de un análogo no metabolizable de glutamato en condiciones de hipoxia, como un reflejo del estado funcional de los terminales nerviosos glutamatérgicos en condiciones de hipoxia, observándose una significativa liberación del marcador tritiado en relación a la hipoxia, lo cual concuerda con hallazgos previos tanto en animales de experimentación como en seres humanos. La metodología presentada es simple y permite manejar a voluntad del investigador una serie de parámetros relevantes desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico de la injuria neuronal por hipoxia, de un modo que es imposible de lograr en los estudios in vivo

Estudio fase II de la administración secuencial de zidovudina (AZT), zalcitabina (ddC) y didanosina (ddI) a pacientes con infección avanzada por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 (VIH-1) / Study of administration consecutive periods of zidorudine (AZT), zalcitabine (ddC) and didanosine (ddI) infected individuals by HIV-1

Se estudiaron prospectivamente 18 pacientes infectados por VIH-1 y tratados con AZT (100 mg. tid durante 30 días), alternando con ddC (0.375 mg. tid durante 30 días) y con ddl (100 mg. tid durante 30 días) por periódos de 12 a 28 semanas, media 20. Doce pacientes recibieron este tratamiento después de otros antirretrovirales y 6 lo recibieron desde el diagnóstico. Antes y después de AZT/ddC/ddI, la media de células CD4 cambió de 211 a 256/ul (p=.06), y la media de peso de 68.2 a 67.4 kg. (p=.05). Las cifras de hemoglobina se incrementaron significativamente de 14.8 a 15.4 gr/dl (p=.02); este efecto fue más notable en pacientes previamente expuestos a AZT. En 6 de 12 casos desapareció la antigenemia p24 y en 2 de 5 disminuyeron los niveles de beta2-microglobulina sérica. En ningún paciente hubo hiperamilasemia como efecto adverso del ddl y en uno se instaló neuropatía periférica sensorial reversible como efecto colateral de ddC; en seis que habían recibido AZT cesaron los efectos adversos como intolerancia gástrica, cefalea y fiebre. La administración combinada secuencial de AZT/ddC/ddl fue bien tolerada y disminuyó la toxicidad de AZT

Didesoxicitidina y zidovudina secuenciales en infección avanzada por virus VIH-1: estudio fase II / Efficacy of sequential dideoxycytidine and zidovudine in stage IV HIV-1 infection: phase II study

Se estudiaron prospectivamente 17 pacientes infectados por VIH-1 tratados con ddC (0.375 mg tid durante 30 días), alternado con AZT (100 mg tid durante 30 días), por periodos de 8 a 32 semanas, medida de 17. Trece pacientes recibieron este tratamiento después de otros antirretrovirales, y cuatro lo recibieron desde el diagnóstico. Antes y después de AZT/ddC, la medida de células CD4 cambió de 184 a 164/uL (p NS), y la media de peso de 60 a 61 kg (p NS). Los parámetros hematológicos mejoraron en pacientes expuestos previamente a AZT. En uno de los cuatro casos desapareció la antigenemia P24 y en tres de nueve disminuyeron los niveles de beta-2-microglobulina sérica. En uno hubo neuropatía periférica sensorial reversible como efecto colateral de ddC y en ocho cedieron efectos adversos de AZT como intolerancia gástrica, cefalea y fiebre. La administración combinada secuencial de AZT/ddC fue bien tolerada y se disminuyó la toxicidad de AZT.

Evaluación del efecto neuroprotector de lidocaína y ketamina en un modelo de hipoxia-isquemia cerebral en la rata: estudio histopatológico en estriado, hipocampo y corteza cerebral / Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of lidocaine and ketamine on a cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model in the rat: histopathological analysis of the striatum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex

Los fectos de la lidocaína como droga protectora del Sistema Nervioso central por isquemia y traume han sido extensamente investigados sin conclusiones definitivas. Algunos experimentos que mostraban un efecto neuroprotector promisorio de la lidocaína utilizan como agente anestésico la ketamina sin considerar su posible contribución neuroprotectora en los resultados comunicados. Esto también se observa en otros experimentos que evalúan los efectos de varias drogas: bloqueadores orgánicos de los canales de calcio, recolectores de radicales libres, esteroides y ganglioosidos. La ketamina anestésico disociativo, es un análogo de feniciclidina, que actúa como un análogo de fenciclidina, que actúa como un antagonista no competitivo en le sitio del N-metil-D-aspartato, receptor subtipo glutamato, dela fenciclidina, y su acción neuroprotectora ha sido comunicada en varios modelos experimentales. El presente trabajo evalúa los efectos de la lidocaína y ketamina en el modelo de hipoxia-isquemia incompleta cerebral de la rata neonata (modelo Levine). Los resultados muestran un efcto neuroprotector significativo de la lidocaína y ketamina, evaluados por análisis hitopatológico del estriado, hipocampo y corteza cerebral-estriado en el modelo de la hipoxia-isquemia en modelo roedor vivo